Causes And Effects Of Carbonated Beverages

Causes And Effects Of Carbonated Beverages The aim of our research is to focus on the side effects of carbonated drinks in order to create awareness for every consumer who wants to secure their upcoming future from the hazards of carbonated drinks, commonly called soft drinks. The need for research was felt, as it is one of the neglected areas, so by further research in this regard would surely help in creating awareness, educating the mass and in the development of preventive, promotional and curative health program in the community. As the knowledge of our people, particularly students regarding the side effects by the consumption of carbonated drinks is not satisfactory. The attitude of students is relatively better but their practices are neither preventive nor health promoting. Thus, there is a need of Behavioral Change in youngsters. Before discussing the causes and effects of carbonated beverages let us, know what the attitude is. Attitude towards something is very important for human life because facilitates communication between people. It is one of the important attribute of a person which communicates his first impression on others and the kind of personality he possesses. Personality type is one of the crucial elements in shaping an individuals life. Therefore, attitude towards something is very important to be determined at initials so that in upcoming stages of life an individual may learn and shape his attitude accordingly. Therefore, to change the attitude of people towards something, awareness is the first step and one of the efficient tools to help people learn and educate very effectively by providing them knowledge and by throwing light and exploring unexplored issues, which are directly or indirectly affect our lives. One of the important but neglected issues in our lives is of health. We like to suffer from problems and diseases first and then go for solutions; this type of approach is called as post approach. We as a nation is in need to adopt pre-approach especially in the field of health .One of the great saying defines the best: Prevention is better than cure. Carbonated Beverages are those drinks which have carbon dioxide (a colorless and tasteless gas) in it excluding alcohol. Among all the soft drinks colas are the most popular one. The ingredients in such colas are sweeteners, and chemicals such as carbonic and phosphoric acids, citric acid which harms teeth and causes weakness of bone. Colas contain a reasonable amount of caffeine. Caffeine is a natural diuretic and so can actually make a person thirstier and encourage dehydration. Variety of soft drinks is consumed by a high percentage of population on daily basis. The consumption of soft drinks in greatest quantity has been observed mostly in children and adolescents. In the current study, the knowledge base of students regarding the harmful effects of carbonated drinks is not satisfactory. William Frazier says: In order to neutralize a glass of cola, it takes 32 glasses of high pH alkaline water. In the 1840s, carbonated water began having flavorings added to it. By the turn of the 1900s, Carbonated Beverages had become a part of a typical western consumers drink choices. Originally, Carbonated Beverages were seen as healthy, or a way to distribute healthful creation in a way that made them pleasant and convenient to drink. Carbonated drinks were marketed as a digestive support as late as the 1950s.Then, they came to be seen as junk foodstuff as the term in essence came to mean soda pop. Now (2007), parts of the Carbonated Beverage industry are trying to rebrand themselves as Energy drinks, and natural drinks such as water, juices and various teas have been carbonated. Probably the first carbonated drink to be sold in a Can was Cliquot Club brand ginger ale, in 1938. (practically edible.com) In medical and scientific field there is a going concern about the causes and effects of carbonated drinks on the health of consumers but unfortunately until yet their harmful effects have not been explored widely. Still some of the researchers have identified harmful effects of cola on health but they are unable to increase awareness in consumers may be because they are not given a space to expose. According to the study of Himalayan Institute of Medical Science (H.I.M.S.), Dehradun, about 92.10% of the medical students and 95.08% of the nursing students had ever heard about the carbonated drinks. The aim of the study was to assess the awareness, attitude and practices of students regarding carbonated drinks. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009) A clear association has been found in a meta-analysis of 88 studies between the soft drink consumption with increased body weight. Increased soft drink consumption was also found to be associated with decreased calcium intake and increased risk of numerous medical problems e.g., diabetes. Thus, a strong relation was found between soft drink intake and nutrition and health effects. (Vartanian, Schwartz, Brownell, 2007) In a number of observational studies and reports it was concluded that carbonated beverages are associated with the risk of reduced bone mass and increased fractures. Researchers examined that particularly colas were found to have strong link among other carbonated beverages and the reason of such adverse effect is the content that is phosphoric acid found in the carbonated beverages. (Heaney Rafferty, 2001) A study was done to examine the cause of osteoporosis and the research concluded that the consumption of cola is associated with low Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in women. (Tucker, Kyoko, Qiao, Hannan, Kiel, 2006) However, the relationship between the milk and risk of bone fracture, and consumption of soft drink with osteoporosis in women and children found to be inversely and directly proportional respectively. However, knowing the fact of these relationship women and children are still moving towards extra-consumption of soft drinks and declining milk attitudes has shown promptly. (Squirres, Sally) High consumption of carbonated drinks increases the tendency of osteoporosis especially in children and women. Phosphoric acid and citric acid are the two main acidic contents that play the dramatically role in increasing the proneness of bone fracture. The phosphoric acid removes those nutritious mineral whereby the bones weaken and so in aggressive conditions results in break of bones. A survey conducted on a large number of athlete women who consumes carbonated drinks in order to examine the effects of carbonated beverages. They find that acidic contents are the main cause of dissolving calcium from bones. (Spencer, Kramer, Osis, 1988) Leeann Birch, a researcher from Pennsylvania State University, has found that soft drinks frequently displace nutritious beverages, such as milk and juices, Because of such displacement of drinking choice especially youngsters are unable to meet their current milk requirement, which is needed at every stage for human body growth. The noticeably increment of the childhood obesity in this generation must be taken seriously by the parents of those children. Not only the obesity problems but also various problems are just resulted by the high consumption of carbonated beverages taken by them. These health problems may include diabetes, tooth decay, osteoporosis, and many neurological disorders. Children usually exposed to drink soda pops as junk food. They have the ability adopt the attitude of what others to something and if they feel pleasure, they make their attitude as a habit. Mostly youngsters are more addictive of such drinks just because of their attitudes of consuming carbonated drinks in surprising quantity without having the knowledge of risk associated with it. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009). In this regard, a research conducted by the team of Harvard Researchers they found that 14-year-olds children who did not drinks habitually were less likely to be obese than those who use to ta ke drink soft. Carbonated beverages may cause significant long-term enamel dissolution and were found to be more aggressive towards enamel then coffee or tea. (Fraunhofer Rogers, 2004) Excessive consumption of soft drinks can cause complex dental consequences including dental erosion and caries, both conditions may result in harmful effects on dental hard tissues. (Cheng, Yang, Shao, 2009) We have found two causes of the dissolution of enamel. The general reasons given by dentists are the low pH value, amount of sugars and variety of addictives in carbonated drinks leads to the dissolution of enamel. The consumption of such drinks affects enamel, a hard thin calcium-containing layer that covers and protects the crown of a tooth. Numerous surveys are conduct in this regard. A young boy examined in this regard in 2002, who consumed more than two beverages per day, reported uncontrolled dental decay during operation at computer terminal. Secondly, it has found that soft drinks are more harmful for enamel in mostly two conditions: when taking alone and continual sipping. However, during food time soft drinks cannot affect as much as when it takes alone. During food, our mouth secreted saliva whereby the acids and the sugar does not retain on dental enamel but retained when drinking alone, this is happen more likely by cola drinks than other beverages, results in starting tooth decay. It is a common problem, associated with the consumption of a large number of soft drinks, in which acid level increases throughout the body. All carbonated drinks are very acidic in taste; particularly dark colas such as Coke and Pepsi are much more acidic. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009) There is a news article, which has published in Al-Riyadh newspaper on August 20, 2006, in which it is stated that according to scientific and medical research: Drinking Pepsi and Cola leads to cancer because the key element is taken from Pigs Sausage. The heavenly book Quran, Bible and Torah forbids eating Pork, as it is the only animal that eats dirt, dung and urine, which makes lethal and deadly fabric polluted germs and microbes. The Indian University performed tests on the impact of consumption of Pepsi and Coca Cola, which proved that drinking them, lead to more rapid heart rate and low pressure. Bones kept in the cup of Pepsi soften during the week knowing that the bones of the dead remain in the grave for thirty years. Study itself confirmed that the calcium dissolved in Pepsi and it weakens the bladder, kidneys; kill the pancreas, lead to diabetes and contagious diseases. (pegham.com) A study was conducted on carbonated beverages and among all the soft drinks, Coke and Pepsi were taken in consideration. Some, but not all, carbonated drinks were linked to about 50-80% of higher risk of pancreatic cancer when consumption is done on regular basis with 1+ serving. Thus, the study concluded that a strong relationship was found between carbonated drinks and the risk of pancreatic cancer. (Chan, Wang, Holly, 2009) According to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Dr.Ambumani Ramadoss) has clarified the steps that Government has taken from the JPC Report of 2003.After the JPCs Report standards were fixed to these carbonated drinks, namely, Coke, Pepsi or other later drinks. India was one of the first countries in the world to fix standards for carbonated drinks. (Kishore, Aggarwal, Muzammil, Oct-December 2009) Also in most of the observational studies, colas are seen to be strongly associated with the risk of increased bone fracture. In many western countries, the use of milk is declining because of increased consumption of soft drinks and fruit juices, resulting in unhealthy routine as milk and water are the essential products for daily life and should be consumed on daily basis for proper growth and health. One of the key point that all of us must consider is, that over utilization of anything should be avoided especially when something is related to human health as we all know: Health is Wealth. Therefore, awareness is the first step to understand the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, harmful and beneficial. Adolescents and kids dont think long-term, its the duty of adult people or the people who have the knowledge regarding this neglected issue, should educate the mass about it so that our young generation may know and understand harmful effects of carbonated drinks and may change their attitude towards such drinks. They may reduce the consumption of cola carbonated beverages or they might completely switch to nutritious drinks like milk and juices. However, if consumers wont change their attitude towards soft drink consumption then that may result in increased health problems like obesity and osteoporosis and at that time when they have got into these health problems then changing attitude or opting for healthy drinks will be too late to help. Healthier drinks are generally replaced by soda. By high consumption of soda you cut the intake of fruit juices, milk and even water and withdraw yourself from essential vitamins and minerals, which are the key ingredients for healthy life. Healthy people always have the attitude that they go for healthy things and there are so many healthy alternatives available such as water, tea and fruit juices. Water is the best alternative as it reduces the thirst and serves as the best drink of all the drinks in the universe as it contains natural elements. Another alternative of soft drinks can be tea, which can provide safety in our body as it contains antioxidants, which helps in fighting health problems. Now, variants of tea such as green tea is available in different flavors like herbs and lemon, considered as a helping tool in reducing weight. Another good alternative of soft drinks can be fruit juices as they are pure and rich in vitamins. Thus, there are many healthy and nutritious alternative drinks are available so we as a consumer must go for such drinks, as they are beneficial to us in form of growth and development of our body and mind, which is the essence of life.

A Review of Fonterra Group’s Strategy and Business Model

Fonterra was formed in the October 2001 merger of the New Zealand Dairy Group (NZDG), Kiwi Cooperative Dairies, and the New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB). It has become the world’s leading exporter of dairy products, responsible for over a third of international dairy trade. The Group is co-operatively owned by over 10,500 dairy farmers whose products make their way to customers in approximately 140 countries. Fonterra aims for global dairy leadership and its purpose is to sell their farmer shareholders’ milk (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2011). Analysis of the Dairy Industry using Porter’s Five Forces Porter's first force describes the threat of potential entrants. Barriers to entry and economies of scale are significant for new entrants. However, New Zealand’s deregulated market structure and relatively low cost might attract entrants as a base of export oriented supply and processing. The threat of new entrant is medium (Vallyon, 2003). Porter's second force is bargaining power of buyers. The New Zealand dairy industry exports 95% of the country’s dairy production. Continued consolidation of food manufacturing and retailers has the effect of reducing overall numbers of buyers in the industry and increasing their purchasing power (Vallyon, 2003). Faced with the fact that buyers face few switching costs, it is fair to say that buyers have high bargaining power in the industry. Porter's next force is bargaining power of suppliers. The dairy industry is a seller’s market with global demand exceeding supply. This opens up opportunities for other uprising overseas markets to the industry with suppliers from India, China and Brazil. Fonterra supplies are secured through the co-operatives structure and a significant threat exists if Fonterra fail to make competitive milk payouts to its farmer shareholders (Vallyon, 2003). It is clear that Fonterra suppliers have some bargaining power in the industry. Porter's fourth industry force is the threat of substitute products. Dairy milk is a unique natural product without any artificial substitutes. However there is development of alternatives including soya milks and non-dairy milks such as goat, buffalo and sheep. Danone, Unilever and Coca-cola have also made significant acquisitions or partnerships with organic milk producers. Although a dairy product, organic milk can be considered as a parallel value chain as it requires different knowledge and techniques at each stage of the process (Vallyon, 2003). In this sense, the force is low to medium. Porter’s final force is the intensity of competitive rivalry. As a global leading dairy exporter, Fonterra faces increasing threats as global competitors become aware of its size and influence in the industry. Continued consolidation of industry could see competing dairy resources being merged into larger, more efficient competitors. In the evolution of trade liberalisation, competitors may respond through increasing global growth strategies (Vallyon, 2003). Hence this force is high. Fonterra’s Strategies Fonterra’s business model is a farmer-owned co-operative, widely spread around the vertically integrated New Zealand Dairy Industry. At Fonterra, the goal is to build a business that pays the farmer shareholders the maximum sustainable price for their milk and that maximises profits from the capital invested in the Co-operative (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). To achieve this, Fonterra has three key strategies in becoming the company that is the source of natural dairy nutrition to the world. Firstly they intend to deliver sustainable co-operative performance. With its scale and reach of operations, Fonterra creates enormous logistics complexities. However, when it comes to processing, recent projects like Drier 4 at Edendale (ED4) in Southland are said to be the most efficient milk powder unit in the world. Likewise, in order to optimise the supply chain at home so to deliver product to their customers as efficiently as possible, Fonterra expanded a key cool and dry store logistics hub that has taken more than 50,000 truck movements off local roads and has largely eliminated the need for contracted storage around the Waikato (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). This is working alongside with the enhanced use of rails to move products around the country. Then elsewhere, the Group has also taken its development online with the launch of globalDairyTrade (gDT), an internet-based auction platform through which sellers offer to sell commodity dairy products (Q&As: globalDairyTrade Information Portal, 2011). In 2010 gDT has sold 359,000 metric tonnes on the platform (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra’s second strategic goal is to build trusted brands in chosen markets. Fonterra has a strategy to strengthen their positions in key regional markets where ownership of the supply chain gives a degree of competitive advantage (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The focus has been on high growth markets within Asia/Africa/Middle East (Asia/AME) and Latin America, and the existing strong market franchises in ANZ. Anlene provides a great insight to Fonterra’s brand strategy at work. Created in Asia in 1991 to support bone health, Anlene is now the clear number one high-calcium milk brand across Asia. Priced at 30-50% above regular milks, Anlene is a trusted premium brand in the Asia market, which has an expanding middle class that is caring more about healthy nutrition for the whole family (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Additionally, Fonterra has continually restructured their investment portfolio to ensure they can capitalise on the most promising market opportunities. To support its expansion in Africa and the Middle East, they have purchased the remaining 51 per cent stake in Saudi New Zealand Milk Products (SNZMP), a dairy manufacturing facility in Saudi Arabia, has secured manufacturing capacity to support growth plans in the Middle East. Currently packing Anchor and Anlene milk powders and producing processed cheese, SNZMP supplies 20 countries in the region (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The third strategy Fonterra have adopted is to grow lasting customer partnership with the world’s leading food and nutritional companies. The company looks to improve their ability to source and add value to dairy supply so to strengthen their position as the supplier of choice from around the world. In order to achieve it, they have focused on developing customer partnerships in premium ingredients and in foodservice solutions. Premium ingredients are products that are more advanced than standard dairy ingredients. Examples are nutritional bases for infant formula and growing-up milk powders (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra is already the preferred supplier of all five of the world’s largest infant formula companies with stronger demand from their customers to partner them. Key customers have strong growth ambitions and they are looking to Fonterra as a preferred source of high-quality paediatric nutrition products. A premium ingredients category with exciting prospects is pharmaceutical lactose, with Fonterra a world leader in lactose excipients through their joint venture with RoyalFrieslandCampina which develops, produces and markets high quality lactose used in the pharmaceutical, nutrition and food industries (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010).

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Process Analysis Essay Topics College Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Process Analysis Essay Topics College Is Wrong and What You Should Know Here's What I Know About Process Analysis Essay Topics College With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. Needless to say, your explanation of the way to speak, act, and dress will differ for each scenario, and therefore don't attempt to compose an overall essay about making an excellent impression in every circumstance. The key issue is that the procedure is described in a logical order and in a very clear way. You're in the proper place to understand that. On the flip side, if your topic is too narrow, you'll find it troublesome to compose a paper that's long enough. You need simply to select one and compose an essay! To begin with, ensure you're mindful of what the rhetorical analysis essay is. How to compose a historical essay. 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An Introduction to English Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2922 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction to English Law English law is applicable to England and Wales, the legal system under the umbrella of the United Kingdom. The law has largely been built through their years of qualifications, knowledge and experience to create a regulation to allow the residents of these countries that want to live and they must be bound by the Tribunal. English court system structure determines its charge of the Supreme Court of Judicature. This include of High Court for civil case and Crown Court for criminal case. In the bottom of the ladder are Magistrates Court it is for criminal case and Country Courts it is for civil case. England does not have physical and written constitution. Parliament and all of the members are not open to review by any court of law to accept. The Common Law is basis to English Law. Common law is unfair treatment are similar in that they occur or considered to be in different places different legal system facts. English law, in fact, th e basis of many of today’s surgery and traditional American legal policy remains. Besides that, this is still acknowledged his relationship with this legislation in place before the system is subject to UK law such as Australia. England and Wales are due to the United Kingdom. United Kingdom is an integral part of the European Union, the English law that includes the European Union law. Most of European Union countries include the England the use of the civil legal system. United Kingdom has a dual relationship of international law. It means that international obligations must be incorporated into the English law legal official. The court has no obligation to apply supranational law. Under the international law, it is still such an important element of international trade is also strongly influenced by England. Sources of English Law There are three main sources of English law which are Parliamentary Legislation (Statues Law), Case Law and the Doctrine of Precedent and European Law (EC Law). Parliamentary legislation is based on the English constitution; Parliament is the supreme law maker. Act of Parliament is called the statue. Theory of parliamentary sovereignty believes that Parliament the power to enact or rescind it pleases any powers of the new law; the court cannot question the validity of the Act. In today’s government is that is has won the majority of seats in the House of Commons of political parties. Political decisions taken by the government as to what legislation should be enacted in each parliamentary sitting. Others to get parliamentary approval to modify some of the bill failed to become a statue at all. Bills usually begin in the House of Commons. The beginning stage is First Reading. This is a simple introduction of formal regulations, there is no debate. Second Reading is the principle of Bill was a general discussion but do not make any changes. The Bill is now discussed and made on behalf of the Commission in the sam e proportion to modify the composition of the House of Representatives of the detail. Third Reading is the debate was held on the final vote on the Bill and if approved bill passed to other housekeeping for same procedure. Private Member’s Bill is the opportunity for some members of Parliament have introduced legislation of things is of interest to them. There are two main aspects in case law which are common law and equity law. Common law is used to make the decision to send case of court in past of merger. As local customs and the case was the result of decision and the formation of backbone in common law jurisprudence is updated as a result of new cases being decided. Judicial precedent made by higher court was binding on lower court. Equity law is a major problem with the common law is that remedies were considered to have won the case just compensation. Delay in problem within a reasonable time is not to court in good equity law. The doctrine of precedent shows higher court is binding on lower court and it means there are levels of superiority on court such as House of Lord. In criminal court are binding. This ensures consistency in judge ruled. A maxim stare decisis which means standing by decision and when the precedent follow. European Law is to establish a European single market. The European member states with each free trade but later moved to more closely since Maastricht Treaty in an economic and political union. UK has been accepted as a member of European part of law in UK law. There are three main sources of European Law which are primary legislation, subordinate legislation and European court of justice rulings. Primary legislation is it sets out the rights and obligations of member states. There have three things in subordinate legislation which are regulations, directives and decisions. Regulations is directly applicable, no need for member state to make own legislation such as transport. Directives are not directly applicable a nd must be incorporate in national law in certain time period. Decision is directly applicable ad automatically to state, individuals. It’s a requirement that must be followed by recipient. The European court of justice rulings show the House of Lords is final court of appeal until United Kingdom joined the European Community and now the European Court is highest court. European Court of Justice can cover any piece of legislation has been enacted in accordance with European law. European Union is fully representative of all proposed members and vote in UK law. Civil and Criminal Division Supreme Court In civil division, Supreme Court hears appeal from Court of Appeal. In such an appeal may be it is necessary to leave the appeal. Court of Appeal for leave to appeal such it refers to the three Supreme Court judges of the Appeals Board. The Committee may make on behalf of the appellant’s counsel, oral argument. Besides that, It is possible the court to send the l egal matters of public interest to Supreme Court of its volition. Only cases which have legal matters of public interest can be heard in the Supreme Court. It means the case has to be extraordinary. In criminal division, Supreme Court hears appeal from Court of Appeal and Queen’s Bench Divisional Court. In criminal division, the Supreme Court must first seek leave of the Court of Appeal. It means that have in the Court of Appeal in order to do this. The application can be carried out by the prosecutor or the defendant. If already have been to Court of Appeal considered, the application is the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court authority to either approve or reject. The hearing will determine that are eligible to have the Supreme Court to hear the case or not. Court of Appeal Civil Division hears appeal from the High Court and also hears appeals directly from a country court of appeals raise important point of principle or there are some compelling reasons why the Court o f Appeal should hear it. Civil Division also hears appeal on points of law from various tribunals. The decisions of Civil Division, can appeal to Supreme Court for leave to appeal but Court of Appeal or Supreme Court to get either. Appeal does not have to raise a question of general public importance although the majority does so. The Criminal Division hears appeals from Crown Court. Defendants convicted of an offense on indictment in Crown Court may appeal to Criminal Division against conviction or sentence. Defendants who appeal against conviction his appeal will be dismissed. The defendant appealed the decision on who might have sentences confirmed or decrease rather than increase. In both cases, leave to appeal is required either from the trial judge or Criminal Division. High Court The largest division of High Court is Queen’s Bench Division (QBD). Its jurisdiction can be divided into some sections which is appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction. The appellate c ivil jurisdiction is QBD hear appeals from decisions of circuit judges in country courts while appellate criminal jurisdiction is QBD hear appeals on point of law or jurisdiction from magistrates’ courts and from decision from Crown Court. Chancery Division hears cases not only in London. Judges sitting as Chancery Divisional Court hear appeals from circuit judges in country courts on certain matters such as bankruptcy. Family Division is the judges who sitting in High Court can hear all cases concerning children and have exclusive jurisdiction over guardianship such as a type of court order giving custody of minor (under 18 years) children’s court to conduct daily routine care by single or local authorities. Crown Court Crown Court hears all cases involving prosecution. Criminal offences divided into four categories. Class 1 offences are most serious crimes, including treason and murder and are usually heard by a High Court judge. Class 2 offences including mans laughter and rape and are subject to similar provisions. Class 3 offences include all remaining offenses and usually by a judge of High Court case although circuit judge is more common. Class 4 offences including robbery and all offences tribal ‘either way’ and are not normally tried by High Court judge. When a cases of attempted criminal court jury decided the facts, that the defendant is guilty or not guilty. In a jury trial in criminal court, the judge responsible for overseeing the jury selection and swearing, so the fact that the jurors for their decision and warned them not to discuss the role of the direction of the trial of the case with others. Magistrates’ Court The court’s criminal jurisdiction can divided into one of three types which are summary offenses, offences triable on indictment only and offences triable either way. Summary offences are punishable by a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment or a fine of  £5000 summarized mos t criminals convicted of driving behavior. There are more than 1 million people every year for committing summary offences. Offences triable on indictment only are more serious and cannot be heard in magistrates’ court while offences triable either way are offences either summarily in magistrates’ court or indictment in Crown Court. Magistrates’ Court also have civil jurisdiction which is case licensing. Licensing entertainment and gambling sites on the responsibility of local government but the local government’s decision can be appealed to Magistrates’ Court. Country Court In general terms the extent of country jurisdiction is the contract and tort actions by less than  £25000 shall normally be tried in country court and actions for  £50000 and over in High Court. Actions which have no quantifiable value can be tried in either court. Personal injury claims unless the claim is worth  £50000 or more. When the amount of claim is less tha n  £5000 at stake, the case will be processed in country court and will follow the small claims track. When the amount between of  £5000 and  £25000 and if the case can be tried in the day, the case can follow fast track claims; if the claim amount in excess  £25000 multi-track claim should be used. Court Hierarchy The diagram above shows the hierarchy court of England. There are separate to superior and subordinate court. The superior courts are Supreme Court and Court of Appeal while subordinate courts are High Court, Crown Court, Magistrates’ Court and Country Court. Superior Court The Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. It replaced the House of Lords on October 1, 2009, when 11 House of Lords became the first Supreme Court judge. The Supreme Court now has the full complement of 12 judges. A sitting of the House of Lords generally consists of five of twelve Law Lords, although in recent years seven or nin e judges sitting on a number of major cases. The Supreme Court hears appeals from Court of Appeal. In some cases, there may be ‘leapfrog’ other court order to take the case to Supreme Court. Although there are some exceptions from High Court or High Court in Northern Ireland can send case to Supreme Court. To do this, it must first obtain a High Court issues a certificate. This will only happen if the High Court judge ruled that some of the ‘relevant conditions’ are met, there is a need for an applications to Supreme Court under the authority of controversial case, the consent of all parties to the case to be heard of Supreme Court. In the ‘relevant conditions’ is a general public importance a little bit and the issue involves interpretation of any statue or statutory instrument or the judge needs to be clarified completely judge, that is the Court of Appeal or Supreme Court of a point and in whose judgment is binding. Criminal Appeal Act 19 96, the Court of Appeals split into two divisions which are Civil Division and Criminal Division. The Court consists of a number of ex officio judges and it up to 38 Lord of Appeal. In addition, any judge of High Court may be asked to sit in the Court of Appeal, although circuit judge only sit in the Criminal Division. Jurisdiction of Court of Appeal is entirely like the Court of Appeal in High Court of Justice in London’s Royal Court that can hear up to 12 cases at any one time. Panel of three judges heard under normal circumstances with particular importance occasionally listened to five groups. In order to reduce waiting times, since 1982 it has been able to group composed of two judges to hear cases. As a result, the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court rather than the lower number of cases in 2010, the Supreme Court disposed 220 appeals compared with 10400 disposed of by Court of Appeal. Subordinate Court High Court is third highest court. It involves a lower court ruling made in civil cases and appeals. High Court is divided into three divisions which are Queen’s Bench Division, Chancery Division and Family Division. Each Division hears different types of operations. Queen’s Bench Division deal with common law disputes such as contract and tort and includes three specialist courts which is Commercial Court, Technology and Construction Court and Admiralty Court. Commercial Court hears cases involve commercial agreement and import and export. Admiralty Court has certain maritime claims exclusive jurisdiction. It deals with mortgage debt, ownership claims. Technology and Construction Court deals with specialist matters which relating to building and engineering work and other cases which involve technical questions. The Chancery Division deals with matters which originated in equity such as mortgage, bankruptcy. It also deals with various forms of property, tax disputes. Chancery Division also includes Patent Court which involves patents and registered designs and Companies Court which mainly involves the company’s forced liquidation. Family Division is related with family matters and little interest in business context. Crown Court is not like magistrates’ court is local court but a court in which the center is located in more than 90. Crown Court is part of Supreme Court which defined as including Court of Appeal, High Court of Justice and Crown Court. The operation’s purpose of Crown Court, England and Wales are divided into six circuits. The center is divided into three layers. In first layer, High Court judge hears civil and criminal cases but circuit judges and recorders hear only criminal cases. The second layer is the center of the same type as the judge but only to hear criminal cases. The third layer is recorders and circuit judges can only hear criminal cases. Magistrates also known as justice of the peace are a volunteer who became 21500 jobs in the Magistrates’ Court of Justice of England and Wales people. Magistrates may be appointed from the 18 year old, retired at 70. Magistrates’ Courts disposed 98% of criminal cases. District judges are legally qualified and decide cases by own. Non-professional judge bench in the law clerk by a judge who is legally qualified judge and guides the relevant laws and procedural issues not specifically invited to do so even if the proposal. Magistrates are independent of clerk and the latter should not be instructed to decide what they should achieve the magistrates. Most of the cases involve business will listen in Country Court. The court was first established by Country Courts Act 1846 and designed to minor civil cases. There are 216 country courts in England and Wales and at least one circuit judge and a strict court judge assigned to each court. Business disputes may involve a claim of breach of contract or tort claims. As these two issues in Country Court has unlimited jurisdiction to hear the case. Case The case that related to Court of Appeal is Jackson v Horizon Holidays (1975). The fact of the case is Mr. Jackson (the Pf) booked a holiday for himself and his family. The festival proved to be a disaster, failed to achieve what had been promised. The holiday company admitted liability but appealed the amount of damages awarded of  £1000. The held for case is Court of Appeal upheld the ruling. Lord Denning said that base in assessment, rather than simply the loss suffered by individual Pf but the loss of a family member as a whole suffered. In other words, according to Lord Denning, the loss suffered by the family members was compensation. Conclusion As a conclusion, there were about sources of English law, court hierarchy and case. The court system is very important in UK because it has to make decision in court to punish the defendant that have done wrongly. In the legal system and consistency of decision making is very important to make such coop eration, mutually beneficial trade to continue smoothly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Introduction to English Law" essay for you Create order